Timeline of King Robert the Bruce

The Scotsman newspaper recently reported that descendants of Robert the Bruce, Scotland's greatest king, are to mark his heritage with a tourist trail. And to read a history of Bruce is to travel the length and breadth of Scotland, and to Ireland and northern England. There are many books on Robert the Bruce, such as Caroline Bingham's Robert the Bruce, David R Ross's On The Trail of Robert the Bruce and Robert the Bruce: A Life Chronicled by Chris Brown. For children, try Robert Bruce by Rhona Dick and The Story of Robert Bruce by David Ross.

• 1274 - Robert the Bruce is born Turnberry Castle, Ayrshire, the son of Robert de Bruce, 6th Lord of Annandale and Marjorie of Carrick.
• 1292 - Bruce becomes the Earl of Carrick, from his mother's Gaelic heritage
• 1295 - Bruce marries his first wife, Isabella or Mar. She dies after being thrown from her horse in 1316 while heavily pregnant. The child, the future King Robert II, survives
• 1296 - King John Balliol abdicates, leaving Scotland without a monarch
• 1297 - William Wallace beats the English army of Edward I at the battle of Stirling Bridge
• 1298 - Robert the Bruce and John Comyn become joint Guardians of Scotland, following the defeat and resignation of William Wallace at the Battle of Falkirk
• 1301 - Edward I launches his 6th campaign against Scotland, capturing the castles of Bothwell and Turnberry
• 1303 - Edward I invades again, marching to Edinburgh, Perth, then north to Dundee, Brechin, Montrose, Aberdeenshire, then south to Dunfermline
• 1304 - The leaders of Scotland, except William Wallace, surrender to Edward I.
• 1305 - Wallace is captured near Glasgow, and executed.
• 1306 - Robert the Bruce, who could claim the Scottish crown through both his Celtic heritage and his relationship with John Balliol, was crowned King of Scotland at Scone. Learn more about Scone and the Stone of Destiny in Scotland's Stone of Destiny by NB Aitchison, or Nigel Tranter's The Stone.
• 1307 - King Edward I dies, and is succeeded by his son, Edward II. Robert the Bruce begins a guerrilla warfare campaign in South West Scotland. Bruce's first major victory against the English is at the Battle of Glen Trool, followed by the Battle of Loudoun Hill.
• Bruce leaves Dumfries & Galloway under the command of his brother Edward, and heads north, retaking Aberdeenshire, Moray and Buchan.
• 1909 - King Robert the Bruce holds his first parliament at St Andrews, and later gains the support of the Scottish clergy.
• 1311 - Bruce takes the fight to the English, in the Lothians and Northern England.
• 1314 - On June 23, Edward II lead a force of over 20,000 men to end the Scots' siege of Stirling Castle. Bruce and 9,000 men were waiting for them. Over the next two days, Bruce secured his historic defeat over the English; it was said that the river Bannockburn was 'running red' with the blood of the English for several days afterwards. With this victory, Bruce could claim military, if not diplomatic, independence from England. There are several studies of the Battle of Bannockburn, including 1314: Bannockburn by Aryeh Nusbacher, the Osprey military guide Bannockburn 1314, Sir Walter Scott's classic text From Bannockburn to Flodden and, for children, David Ross's I Fought At Bannockburn.
• 1315 - Bruce invades Ireland (Robert the Bruce's Irish Wars)
• 1318 - The Scots retake the Border town of Berwick, but the English besiege it the following year.
• 1320 - probably drafted by Bernard, Abbot of Arbroath Abbey, the Declaration of Arbroath set out to confirm Scotland's status and independent, sovereign state, with a right to defend itself against attack. It was a letter to Pope John XXII, who finally recognised Bruce as King of Scotland in 1314. Find out more from Edward Cowen's 'For Freedom Alone'. The date, April 6, was chosen for Canada and America's Tartan Day.
• 1328 - Edward II recognises Bruce as King of an independent Scotland.
• 1329 - Aged 57, Robert the Bruce dies at Cardross Castle (in modern Argyll and Bute); his body was buried in Dunfermline Abbey (learn more about the Abbey in our extract from Scotland's Best Churches) but his heart was eventually interred at Melrose Abbey, after being taken on a Crusade to Spain by Sir James Douglas.